Data Table 2 Movements Of The Body

Let's dive into the fascinating world of human movement, exploring the actions our bodies are capable of and how to categorize them using a data table. Understanding these movements is crucial not only for athletes and fitness enthusiasts but also for healthcare professionals, researchers, and anyone interested in the mechanics of the human body.

Understanding Human Movement: An Introduction

Human movement, also known as kinesiology, is the study of the mechanics of body movements. It encompasses a wide range of actions, from simple reflexes to complex athletic maneuvers. To better understand this complexity, we can break down movements into categories and organize them within a data table. This allows for systematic analysis and comparison of different movements, providing a valuable tool for learning and application.

Data Table Overview: Organizing Body Movements

A data table to organize body movements typically includes the following key elements:

• Movement Name: The common name given to the movement (e.g., Flexion, Extension, Abduction).
• Joint Involved: The specific joint or joints where the movement occurs (e.g., Shoulder, Elbow, Knee).
• Plane of Motion: The plane in which the movement primarily takes place (Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse).
• Axis of Rotation: The axis around which the movement occurs (Mediolateral, Anteroposterior, Longitudinal).
• Description: A detailed explanation of the movement itself.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: The main muscles responsible for producing the movement (Agonists).
• Antagonist Muscles: Muscles that oppose the movement (important for controlled movement).
• Example Exercise/Activity: Real-world examples of the movement in action.

By using this structured approach, we can systematically analyze and compare various body movements, providing a comprehensive understanding of human motion.

Movement #1: Flexion

• Joint Involved: Elbow, Knee, Shoulder, Hip, Wrist, Fingers
• Plane of Motion: Sagittal
• Axis of Rotation: Mediolateral
• Description: Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. It typically occurs in the sagittal plane, reducing the angle at the joint.
• Muscles Primarily Involved:
  • Elbow: Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
  • Knee: Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)
  • Shoulder: Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major (Clavicular Head), Biceps Brachii
  • Hip: Iliopsoas, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius
• Antagonist Muscles:
  • Elbow: Triceps Brachii, Anconeus
  • Knee: Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius)
  • Shoulder: Posterior Deltoid, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major
  • Hip: Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings
• Example Exercise/Activity: Bicep curl (elbow), Squat (knee and hip), Front raise (shoulder), Touching your toes (hip)

Movement #2: Extension

• Joint Involved: Elbow, Knee, Shoulder, Hip, Wrist, Fingers
• Plane of Motion: Sagittal
• Axis of Rotation: Mediolateral
• Description: Extension is a straightening movement that increases the angle between two body parts. It also occurs in the sagittal plane, increasing the angle at the joint. It is generally the opposite of flexion.
• Muscles Primarily Involved:
  • Elbow: Triceps Brachii, Anconeus
  • Knee: Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius)
  • Shoulder: Posterior Deltoid, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major
  • Hip: Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings
• Antagonist Muscles:
  • Elbow: Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
  • Knee: Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)
  • Shoulder: Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major (Clavicular Head), Biceps Brachii
  • Hip: Iliopsoas, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius
• Example Exercise/Activity: Triceps extension (elbow), Leg extension machine (knee), Dumbbell row (shoulder), Standing up straight from a bent-over position (hip)

Movement #3: Abduction

• Joint Involved: Shoulder, Hip, Wrist, Fingers
• Plane of Motion: Frontal
• Axis of Rotation: Anteroposterior
• Description: Abduction is a movement that moves a body part away from the midline of the body. It occurs in the frontal plane.
• Muscles Primarily Involved:
  • Shoulder: Middle Deltoid, Supraspinatus
  • Hip: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)
• Antagonist Muscles:
  • Shoulder: Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Teres Major
  • Hip: Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Gracilis
• Example Exercise/Activity: Lateral raise (shoulder), Side-lying leg raise (hip), Spreading your fingers apart.

Movement #4: Adduction

• Joint Involved: Shoulder, Hip, Wrist, Fingers
• Plane of Motion: Frontal
• Axis of Rotation: Anteroposterior
• Description: Adduction is a movement that moves a body part toward the midline of the body. It also occurs in the frontal plane and is the opposite of abduction.
• Muscles Primarily Involved:
  • Shoulder: Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Teres Major
  • Hip: Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Gracilis
• Antagonist Muscles:
  • Shoulder: Middle Deltoid, Supraspinatus
  • Hip: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)
• Example Exercise/Activity: Bringing arms down from a lateral raise (shoulder), Squeezing a ball between your knees (hip), Bringing your fingers together.

Movement #5: Rotation (Internal/Medial)

• Joint Involved: Shoulder, Hip
• Plane of Motion: Transverse
• Axis of Rotation: Longitudinal
• Description: Internal (or medial) rotation is a twisting movement that turns a body part inward toward the midline of the body. It occurs in the transverse plane.
• Muscles Primarily Involved:
  • Shoulder: Subscapularis, Teres Major, Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi
  • Hip: Gluteus Minimus (anterior fibers), Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL), Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis
• Antagonist Muscles:
  • Shoulder: Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Posterior Deltoid
  • Hip: Gluteus Maximus, Piriformis, Obturator Internus, Gemellus Superior, Gemellus Inferior, Quadratus Femoris
• Example Exercise/Activity: Arm wrestling (shoulder), Turning your thigh inward while seated (hip).

Movement #6: Rotation (External/Lateral)

• Joint Involved: Shoulder, Hip
• Plane of Motion: Transverse
• Axis of Rotation: Longitudinal
• Description: External (or lateral) rotation is a twisting movement that turns a body part outward away from the midline of the body. It also occurs in the transverse plane, opposite of internal rotation.
• Muscles Primarily Involved:
  • Shoulder: Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Posterior Deltoid
  • Hip: Gluteus Maximus, Piriformis, Obturator Internus, Gemellus Superior, Gemellus Inferior, Quadratus Femoris
• Antagonist Muscles:
  • Shoulder: Subscapularis, Teres Major, Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi
  • Hip: Gluteus Minimus (anterior fibers), Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL), Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis
• Example Exercise/Activity: Reaching behind your back to scratch it (shoulder), Turning your thigh outward while seated (hip).

Movement #7: Circumduction

• Joint Involved: Shoulder, Hip, Wrist, Ankle
• Plane of Motion: Combination of Sagittal, Frontal, and Transverse
• Axis of Rotation: Combination of Mediolateral, Anteroposterior, and Longitudinal
• Description: Circumduction is a circular, cone-like movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. It involves the sequential combination of movements in multiple planes.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Varies depending on the specific combination of movements at each point in the circular path. Primarily, all muscles involved in flexion, extension, abduction and adduction are involved.
  • Shoulder: All Deltoid fibers, Rotator Cuff muscles, Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major
  • Hip: Gluteals, Adductors, Iliopsoas, Hamstrings, Quadriceps
• Antagonist Muscles: Varies depending on the specific combination of movements at each point in the circular path.
• Example Exercise/Activity: Arm circles (shoulder), Hip circles (hip), Tracing circles with your finger (wrist).

Movement #8: Pronation

• Joint Involved: Radioulnar Joint (forearm)
• Plane of Motion: Transverse
• Axis of Rotation: Longitudinal
• Description: Pronation is a rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm from an anterior (facing forward) to a posterior (facing backward) position.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus
• Antagonist Muscles: Supinator, Biceps Brachii
• Example Exercise/Activity: Turning your palm face down.

Movement #9: Supination

• Joint Involved: Radioulnar Joint (forearm)
• Plane of Motion: Transverse
• Axis of Rotation: Longitudinal
• Description: Supination is a rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm from a posterior (facing backward) to an anterior (facing forward) position. It is the opposite of pronation.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Supinator, Biceps Brachii
• Antagonist Muscles: Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus
• Example Exercise/Activity: Turning your palm face up, like holding a bowl of soup.

Movement #10: Dorsiflexion

• Joint Involved: Ankle
• Plane of Motion: Sagittal
• Axis of Rotation: Mediolateral
• Description: Dorsiflexion is a movement at the ankle that brings the top of the foot closer to the shin.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus
• Antagonist Muscles: Gastrocnemius, Soleus
• Example Exercise/Activity: Lifting your toes off the ground while keeping your heel planted.

Movement #11: Plantarflexion

• Joint Involved: Ankle
• Plane of Motion: Sagittal
• Axis of Rotation: Mediolateral
• Description: Plantarflexion is a movement at the ankle that points the foot downward, away from the shin.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris
• Antagonist Muscles: Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus
• Example Exercise/Activity: Standing on your tiptoes.

Movement #12: Inversion

• Joint Involved: Subtalar Joint (ankle)
• Plane of Motion: Frontal
• Axis of Rotation: Anteroposterior
• Description: Inversion is a movement that turns the sole of the foot inward, toward the midline of the body.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Tibialis Anterior, Tibialis Posterior
• Antagonist Muscles: Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis
• Example Exercise/Activity: Rolling your ankle outward.

Movement #13: Eversion

• Joint Involved: Subtalar Joint (ankle)
• Plane of Motion: Frontal
• Axis of Rotation: Anteroposterior
• Description: Eversion is a movement that turns the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis
• Antagonist Muscles: Tibialis Anterior, Tibialis Posterior
• Example Exercise/Activity: Rolling your ankle inward.

Movement #14: Protraction

• Joint Involved: Scapula (Shoulder Girdle), Mandible (Jaw)
• Plane of Motion: Transverse (Scapula), Sagittal (Mandible)
• Axis of Rotation: Vertical (Scapula), Mediolateral (Mandible)
• Description: Protraction is a movement forward of the scapula (shoulder blades) or the mandible (jaw). For the scapula, it's often described as rounding the shoulders. For the mandible, it's jutting the jaw forward.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Serratus Anterior (Scapula), Lateral Pterygoid, Medial Pterygoid, Masseter (Mandible)
• Antagonist Muscles: Rhomboids, Trapezius (Scapula), Temporalis (Mandible)
• Example Exercise/Activity: Reaching forward (scapula), jutting your jaw forward (mandible).

Movement #15: Retraction

• Joint Involved: Scapula (Shoulder Girdle), Mandible (Jaw)
• Plane of Motion: Transverse (Scapula), Sagittal (Mandible)
• Axis of Rotation: Vertical (Scapula), Mediolateral (Mandible)
• Description: Retraction is a movement backward of the scapula (shoulder blades) or the mandible (jaw). For the scapula, it's often described as squeezing the shoulder blades together. For the mandible, it's pulling the jaw backward.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Rhomboids, Trapezius (Scapula), Temporalis (Mandible)
• Antagonist Muscles: Serratus Anterior (Scapula), Lateral Pterygoid, Medial Pterygoid, Masseter (Mandible)
• Example Exercise/Activity: Squeezing your shoulder blades together (scapula), pulling your jaw backward (mandible).

Movement #16: Elevation

• Joint Involved: Scapula (Shoulder Girdle)
• Plane of Motion: Frontal
• Axis of Rotation: Anteroposterior
• Description: Elevation is a movement that raises the scapula (shoulder blades) upward.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Upper Trapezius, Levator Scapulae
• Antagonist Muscles: Lower Trapezius, Serratus Anterior, Pectoralis Minor
• Example Exercise/Activity: Shrugging your shoulders upward.

Movement #17: Depression

• Joint Involved: Scapula (Shoulder Girdle)
• Plane of Motion: Frontal
• Axis of Rotation: Anteroposterior
• Description: Depression is a movement that lowers the scapula (shoulder blades) downward.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Lower Trapezius, Serratus Anterior, Pectoralis Minor
• Antagonist Muscles: Upper Trapezius, Levator Scapulae
• Example Exercise/Activity: Pulling your shoulders down away from your ears.

Movement #18: Opposition

• Joint Involved: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
• Plane of Motion: Combination of multiple planes
• Axis of Rotation: Multiple axes
• Description: Opposition is a unique movement that brings the thumb across the palm to touch the fingertips. It's essential for grasping and manipulating objects.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Opponens Pollicis, Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Flexor Pollicis Brevis
• Antagonist Muscles: Adductor Pollicis, Extensor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Brevis
• Example Exercise/Activity: Touching your thumb to your little finger.

Movement #19: Reposition

• Joint Involved: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
• Plane of Motion: Combination of multiple planes
• Axis of Rotation: Multiple axes
• Description: Reposition is the movement that returns the thumb from the opposed position back to its anatomical position alongside the hand. It's the opposite of opposition.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Adductor Pollicis, Extensor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Brevis
• Antagonist Muscles: Opponens Pollicis, Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Flexor Pollicis Brevis
• Example Exercise/Activity: Returning your thumb to its normal position after touching your thumb to your little finger.

Movement #20: Lateral Flexion (Spinal)

• Joint Involved: Intervertebral joints (Spine)
• Plane of Motion: Frontal
• Axis of Rotation: Anteroposterior
• Description: Lateral flexion is a bending movement of the spine to the side.
• Muscles Primarily Involved: Quadratus Lumborum, Obliques, Erector Spinae (Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis)
• Antagonist Muscles: Quadratus Lumborum, Obliques, Erector Spinae (Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis) on the opposite side.
• Example Exercise/Activity: Side bends, bending sideways to pick something up.

Understanding Planes of Motion

Throughout the descriptions above, several planes of motion are mentioned. Understanding these planes is crucial for accurately describing and analyzing human movement. There are three primary planes:

• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left halves. Movements in this plane are primarily flexion and extension.
• Frontal Plane: Divides the body into front and back halves. Movements in this plane are primarily abduction and adduction.
• Transverse Plane: Divides the body into top and bottom halves. Movements in this plane are primarily rotation.

The Importance of Agonist and Antagonist Muscles

The descriptions also highlight agonist and antagonist muscles. Understanding their roles is vital for comprehending how movements are controlled:

• Agonist Muscles: These are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement. They are sometimes referred to as prime movers.
• Antagonist Muscles: These muscles oppose the action of the agonist muscles. They provide control and stability, preventing jerky or uncontrolled movements. They also contribute to the return of the body part to its original position.

Practical Applications and Conclusion

The knowledge of these body movements, organized in a data table, has several practical applications:

• Exercise Programming: Designing effective and safe exercise programs requires an understanding of the movements involved and the muscles targeted.
• Rehabilitation: Physical therapists use this knowledge to assess and treat movement impairments resulting from injury or disease.
• Sports Performance: Athletes and coaches can optimize training by focusing on specific movements and muscle groups relevant to their sport.
• Ergonomics: Understanding movement patterns can help design workplaces and tasks that minimize the risk of injury.

By systematically analyzing human movement using a data table approach, we gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and elegance of the human body. This understanding is invaluable for professionals in various fields and anyone interested in optimizing their own movement and well-being. The detailed breakdown above provides a solid foundation for further exploration and application of kinesiological principles.