Locking-out Tagging-out Refers To The Practice Of

Lockout/tagout (LOTO) is a critical safety procedure used in industrial settings to protect employees from the unexpected energization or startup of machinery and equipment during maintenance or servicing activities. This practice, often referred to as lockout/tagout (LOTO), is essential for preventing accidents and injuries associated with hazardous energy. This comprehensive guide delves into the intricacies of LOTO, covering its definition, procedures, legal requirements, benefits, and best practices.

Understanding Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)

Lockout/tagout is a safety procedure that involves isolating energy sources from machinery and equipment and then physically locking and tagging the energy-isolating devices to prevent accidental operation. The purpose of LOTO is to ensure that equipment is de-energized and remains de-energized during maintenance or servicing, preventing the release of hazardous energy that could harm workers.

• Lockout involves placing a lock on an energy-isolating device to prevent it from being operated.
• Tagout involves placing a tag on an energy-isolating device to warn employees not to operate the device.

The Importance of LOTO

LOTO is critical for preventing accidents and injuries in the workplace. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), failure to control hazardous energy accounts for nearly 10% of serious accidents in many industries. These accidents can result in severe injuries, including:

• Electrocution
• Amputation
• Burns
• Crushing injuries
• Fatalities

By implementing a comprehensive LOTO program, employers can significantly reduce the risk of these accidents and create a safer work environment for their employees.

Key Components of a LOTO Program

A successful LOTO program involves several key components, including:

1. Written LOTO Procedures: A detailed, written procedure for each piece of equipment that requires LOTO.
2. Energy Control Devices: Locks, tags, and other devices used to isolate energy sources.
3. Training: Comprehensive training for all employees who perform or are affected by LOTO.
4. Periodic Inspections: Regular inspections to ensure that LOTO procedures are being followed correctly.

Written LOTO Procedures

Written LOTO procedures are the foundation of a successful LOTO program. These procedures provide step-by-step instructions for isolating energy sources and applying locks and tags to prevent accidental operation. Each procedure should be specific to the piece of equipment and include the following information:

• Identification of the equipment
• Types and magnitudes of energy sources
• Steps for shutting down the equipment
• Steps for isolating energy sources
• Steps for applying locks and tags
• Steps for verifying isolation
• Steps for releasing the equipment for normal operation

Energy Control Devices

Energy control devices, such as locks and tags, are used to physically prevent the operation of energy-isolating devices. These devices must be durable, standardized, and easily identifiable.

• Locks are used to physically prevent the operation of energy-isolating devices. Each lock should be assigned to a specific employee, and only that employee should have the key.
• Tags are used to warn employees not to operate the energy-isolating device. Tags should be securely attached to the energy-isolating device and clearly indicate that the equipment is locked out.

Training

Training is essential for ensuring that all employees understand the purpose and procedures of LOTO. Training should cover the following topics:

• The purpose and importance of LOTO
• The types of energy sources that must be controlled
• The steps for isolating energy sources
• The steps for applying locks and tags
• The steps for verifying isolation
• The steps for releasing the equipment for normal operation
• The requirements of the OSHA LOTO standard

Periodic Inspections

Periodic inspections are conducted to ensure that LOTO procedures are being followed correctly and that the program is effective. Inspections should be conducted at least annually and should involve a review of the written LOTO procedures, observation of employees performing LOTO, and interviews with employees to assess their understanding of LOTO.

The LOTO Procedure: A Step-by-Step Guide

The LOTO procedure involves a series of steps designed to ensure that equipment is safely de-energized and remains de-energized during maintenance or servicing. The following is a step-by-step guide to the LOTO procedure:

1. Preparation: Identify the equipment that needs to be locked out and the energy sources that need to be isolated. Review the written LOTO procedure for the equipment.
2. Notification: Notify all affected employees that the equipment will be locked out.
3. Shutdown: Shut down the equipment using the normal shutdown procedure.
4. Isolation: Isolate all energy sources by disconnecting or deactivating them.
5. Lockout/Tagout: Apply locks and tags to all energy-isolating devices.
6. Stored Energy Release: Relieve any stored energy, such as pressure, tension, or gravity.
7. Verification: Verify that the equipment is de-energized by testing the equipment or using other methods.
8. Maintenance/Servicing: Perform the necessary maintenance or servicing activities.
9. Removal of LOTO: Remove locks and tags after the maintenance or servicing is complete and the equipment is ready to be returned to service.
10. Notification: Notify all affected employees that the equipment is being returned to service.
11. Startup: Start up the equipment using the normal startup procedure.

Step 1: Preparation

Before beginning the LOTO procedure, it is essential to identify the equipment that needs to be locked out and the energy sources that need to be isolated. This involves reviewing the equipment's operating manual, schematics, and other relevant documents. Additionally, the written LOTO procedure for the equipment should be reviewed to ensure that all steps are understood and followed correctly.

Step 2: Notification

Once the equipment has been identified and the LOTO procedure has been reviewed, all affected employees must be notified that the equipment will be locked out. This notification should include the following information:

• The equipment that will be locked out
• The reason for the lockout
• The expected duration of the lockout
• The name of the person responsible for the lockout

Step 3: Shutdown

After notifying affected employees, the equipment should be shut down using the normal shutdown procedure. This may involve turning off switches, closing valves, or disconnecting power sources. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions for shutting down the equipment to prevent damage or injury.

Step 4: Isolation

Once the equipment has been shut down, all energy sources must be isolated. This involves disconnecting or deactivating all sources of energy, such as electrical power, hydraulic pressure, pneumatic pressure, and gravity. Energy-isolating devices, such as circuit breakers, valves, and disconnect switches, should be used to isolate the energy sources.

Step 5: Lockout/Tagout

After isolating all energy sources, locks and tags should be applied to all energy-isolating devices. The locks should be placed on the energy-isolating devices in a manner that prevents them from being operated. The tags should be securely attached to the energy-isolating devices and clearly indicate that the equipment is locked out. Each lock should be assigned to a specific employee, and only that employee should have the key.

Step 6: Stored Energy Release

Before beginning any maintenance or servicing activities, any stored energy must be relieved. Stored energy can include pressure in a hydraulic system, tension in a spring, or gravity acting on a suspended object. Procedures for relieving stored energy should be included in the written LOTO procedure for the equipment.

Step 7: Verification

After isolating energy sources and relieving stored energy, it is essential to verify that the equipment is de-energized. This can be done by testing the equipment with a voltmeter or other testing device. Additionally, the equipment can be visually inspected to ensure that all energy sources have been disconnected or deactivated.

Step 8: Maintenance/Servicing

Once the equipment has been de-energized and verified, the necessary maintenance or servicing activities can be performed. It is essential to follow all safety procedures and use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) during maintenance or servicing activities.

Step 9: Removal of LOTO

After the maintenance or servicing is complete and the equipment is ready to be returned to service, the locks and tags can be removed. Before removing the locks and tags, the person who applied them should inspect the equipment to ensure that all tools and materials have been removed and that the equipment is safe to be returned to service. Each lock should be removed by the employee who applied it.

Step 10: Notification

Before starting up the equipment, all affected employees must be notified that the equipment is being returned to service. This notification should include the following information:

• The equipment that is being returned to service
• The time that the equipment will be started up
• Any safety precautions that should be taken

Step 11: Startup

After notifying affected employees, the equipment can be started up using the normal startup procedure. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions for starting up the equipment to prevent damage or injury.

OSHA's LOTO Standard (29 CFR 1910.147)

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established a standard for the control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout) in general industry. This standard, found in 29 CFR 1910.147, outlines the requirements for employers to protect employees from the hazards of unexpected energization or startup of machinery and equipment during maintenance or servicing activities.

Key Requirements of the OSHA LOTO Standard

The OSHA LOTO standard includes several key requirements, including:

• Developing and implementing a written energy control program: Employers must develop and implement a written energy control program that includes procedures for isolating energy sources, applying locks and tags, and verifying isolation.
• Using energy control devices: Employers must use energy control devices, such as locks and tags, to prevent the operation of energy-isolating devices.
• Training employees: Employers must train employees on the purpose and procedures of LOTO.
• Conducting periodic inspections: Employers must conduct periodic inspections to ensure that LOTO procedures are being followed correctly.

Penalties for Violations of the OSHA LOTO Standard

Violations of the OSHA LOTO standard can result in significant penalties, including fines, citations, and even criminal charges in cases of willful violations. In addition to the financial costs of violations, employers may also face reputational damage and increased workers' compensation costs.

Benefits of Implementing a LOTO Program

Implementing a comprehensive LOTO program can provide numerous benefits to employers and employees, including:

• Reduced risk of accidents and injuries: LOTO is effective in preventing accidents and injuries associated with hazardous energy.
• Improved employee safety: LOTO creates a safer work environment for employees.
• Compliance with OSHA regulations: LOTO helps employers comply with OSHA regulations and avoid penalties.
• Reduced equipment downtime: LOTO can help reduce equipment downtime by preventing accidental damage or operation.
• Increased productivity: LOTO can increase productivity by ensuring that maintenance and servicing activities are performed safely and efficiently.

Best Practices for LOTO

To ensure the effectiveness of a LOTO program, it is essential to follow best practices, including:

• Involving employees in the development of LOTO procedures: Employees who work with the equipment are often the most knowledgeable about its energy sources and potential hazards.
• Using standardized locks and tags: Standardized locks and tags help ensure that employees can easily identify and understand the LOTO procedures.
• Providing regular training and refresher training: Regular training and refresher training help ensure that employees understand the purpose and procedures of LOTO.
• Conducting regular audits of the LOTO program: Regular audits help identify any weaknesses in the LOTO program and ensure that it is effective.
• Enforcing LOTO procedures consistently: Consistent enforcement of LOTO procedures is essential for ensuring that all employees follow the procedures correctly.

LOTO in Different Industries

LOTO is applicable to a wide range of industries, including:

• Manufacturing
• Construction
• Oil and Gas
• Utilities
• Mining

The specific LOTO procedures and requirements may vary depending on the industry and the type of equipment being used.

LOTO in Manufacturing

In manufacturing, LOTO is commonly used to protect employees from the hazards of machinery and equipment used in production processes. This can include equipment such as:

• Conveyor belts
• Robotic arms
• Hydraulic presses
• Electrical panels

LOTO in Construction

In construction, LOTO is used to protect employees from the hazards of equipment such as:

• Cranes
• Excavators
• Generators
• Power tools

LOTO in Oil and Gas

In the oil and gas industry, LOTO is used to protect employees from the hazards of equipment such as:

• Pumps
• Valves
• Pipelines
• Drilling rigs

LOTO in Utilities

In the utilities industry, LOTO is used to protect employees from the hazards of equipment such as:

• Electrical transformers
• Power lines
• Water pumps
• Gas pipelines

LOTO in Mining

In the mining industry, LOTO is used to protect employees from the hazards of equipment such as:

• Conveyor belts
• Crushers
• Drilling machines
• Haul trucks

Technological Advancements in LOTO

Technological advancements have led to the development of new and innovative LOTO solutions, including:

• Electronic LOTO systems: Electronic LOTO systems use electronic tags and locks to control access to energy-isolating devices. These systems can provide real-time monitoring of LOTO activities and can be integrated with other safety systems.
• Mobile LOTO apps: Mobile LOTO apps allow employees to access LOTO procedures, complete LOTO checklists, and report LOTO issues from their mobile devices.
• Cloud-based LOTO management systems: Cloud-based LOTO management systems provide a centralized platform for managing LOTO procedures, training records, and inspection data.

These technological advancements can help employers improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their LOTO programs.

Common LOTO Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Despite the importance of LOTO, there are several common mistakes that employers and employees make when implementing LOTO programs. These mistakes can increase the risk of accidents and injuries. Some common LOTO mistakes include:

• Failure to develop written LOTO procedures: Written LOTO procedures are essential for ensuring that employees understand the steps for isolating energy sources and applying locks and tags.
• Failure to train employees: Training is essential for ensuring that all employees understand the purpose and procedures of LOTO.
• Failure to conduct periodic inspections: Periodic inspections are necessary to ensure that LOTO procedures are being followed correctly and that the program is effective.
• Using the wrong type of lock or tag: Using the wrong type of lock or tag can compromise the effectiveness of the LOTO procedure.
• Removing someone else's lock or tag: Removing someone else's lock or tag is a serious violation of LOTO procedures and can result in serious injury or death.
• Failing to verify isolation: Failing to verify that the equipment is de-energized before beginning maintenance or servicing activities can result in serious injury or death.

To avoid these mistakes, employers should:

• Develop comprehensive written LOTO procedures.
• Provide thorough training to all employees who perform or are affected by LOTO.
• Conduct regular periodic inspections of the LOTO program.
• Use the correct type of locks and tags.
• Enforce LOTO procedures consistently.
• Verify isolation before beginning any maintenance or servicing activities.

Conclusion

Lockout/tagout (LOTO) is a critical safety procedure that is essential for protecting employees from the hazards of unexpected energization or startup of machinery and equipment during maintenance or servicing activities. By implementing a comprehensive LOTO program and following best practices, employers can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and injuries in the workplace. It is crucial for employers to comply with OSHA regulations and provide thorough training to all employees who perform or are affected by LOTO. Technological advancements in LOTO can further improve the efficiency and effectiveness of LOTO programs. By prioritizing LOTO, employers can create a safer work environment and protect their most valuable asset: their employees.